Alzheimers, Dementia & Memory
Care Facilities in Alabama

Having to see a loved one or family member struggle with dementia or Alzheimer's disease can be a trying experience. So, if you need memory care for this person, you shouldn't have to work hard to find them a proper place to get care. However, it can often be difficult to find memory care facilities in Alabama that will give your loved one what they need. Well, we want to make that easier for you.

There are many different memory care homes and communities that offer proper care to those who need help with daily activities, you just need to know where to find them. So, if you need information about where to find one of these homes, then this article will tell you all you need to get your loved one the care they need and deserve.

What is the cost of memory care in Alabama?

The cost of memory care facilities in Alabama varies based on location, services offered, and the level of care required. As of this year, the average monthly cost is approximately $5,390, reflecting a ~12% increase from 2 years ago.

Costs for memory care will differ across cities throughout Alabama. For example:

City-by-City Cost Breakdown

1. Birmingham:

   • Average cost: $5,035 per month.
   • Birmingham, being the largest city, often has more upscale facilities, which may drive costs higher.

2. Montgomery:

   • Average cost: $4,375 per month.
   • Costs here are slightly below the state average, reflecting fewer luxury offerings but still quality care.

3. Decatur:

   • Average cost: $4,299 per month.
   • Decatur offers some of the more affordable options in the state while still maintaining access to good healthcare resources.

4. Tuscaloosa:

   • Average cost: $3,938 per month.
   • Tuscaloosa has some of the lowest costs, but fewer specialized facilities compared to larger cities.

5. Auburn:

   • Average cost: $5,373 per month.
   • Auburn’s facilities are among the most expensive due to their premium amenities and proximity to higher education institutions that sometimes offer collaborative care programs.

Note that these costs are approximate and the actual costs may vary between facilities.

Factors Affecting Costs

1. Level of Care Needed:

   • Memory care pricing typically includes 24/7 supervision, specialized activities, medication management, and assistance with daily living tasks.
   • Advanced dementia or Alzheimer's care requiring intensive supervision can increase costs.

2. Amenities and Facility Type:

   • Facilities with upscale amenities like private apartments, therapy programs, and state-of-the-art security systems tend to charge more.
   • Basic facilities focused solely on essential care are more affordable.

3. Staff-to-Resident Ratio:

   • Higher ratios ensure better personalized care but also lead to higher costs.

4. Geographic Location:

   • Urban areas or those near major healthcare facilities often charge more due to higher demand and operational costs.

Additional Costs to Consider

• Move-in Fees: Ranging from $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the facility.
• Specialized Services: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, or behavioral interventions may incur extra charges.
• Medications and Medical Supplies: Some facilities bill separately for medication management or durable medical equipment.
• Room Type: Shared accommodations are more affordable than private rooms.

Memory Care vs Other Senior Living Costs in Alabama

Here’s a detailed table comparing memory care costs in Alabama with other types of senior living options and how Alabama stacks up against nearby states:

Key Observations:

• Memory care in Alabama is slightly below the national average, with a savings of around $250 per month.
• Assisted living in Alabama is significantly lower than the national average, by $630 per month.
• Independent living costs in Alabama are just slightly below the national average.
• Nursing home costs in Alabama are much lower than the national average, with a savings of $1,300 per month for a private room.

Regional Comparison:

• Georgia: Memory care in Georgia is slightly more expensive than in Alabama, though it’s still somewhat below the national average.
• Mississippi: Memory care is the most affordable in Mississippi, at about $4,500 per month.
• Tennessee: Memory care costs are similar to Alabama, just a little higher.

This table shows how memory care in Alabama compares to other types of senior living in the state and provides a regional perspective for a more comprehensive cost analysis.

Who are Alabama Dementia and Alzheimer’s Care Facilities For?

If your parent or loved one needs memory care services in Alabama for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, then specialized care is necessary. These disorders are degenerative brain diseases that can cause severe forgetfulness, impair normal thinking ability, and interfere with daily functions that are needed to be independent. Memory care facilities are for those patients who have been diagnosed with either of these diseases and need more help with daily care.

As adults age, they may eventually need dementia and Alzheimer’s care homes for their memory, and require physical medical care as well. This cannot always be taken care of at a nursing or assisted living home, so Alabama dementia care communities – or Alzheimer's care communities – may be necessary to help with the physical and mental aspects of the person’s needs.

Key Groups These Facilities Serve:

1. Individuals with Advanced Dementia or Alzheimer's:

   • People in the mid-to-late stages of dementia who require continuous supervision and specialized care.
   • Those who struggle with tasks such as eating, bathing, dressing, and mobility.

2. Those Needing a Secure Environment:

   • Facilities often feature secure areas to prevent wandering, a common symptom of dementia.
   • They are ideal for individuals who may be at risk of injury if left unsupervised.

3. Patients Requiring Specialized Programs:

   • Memory care facilities offer therapeutic activities designed to stimulate cognitive abilities and reduce agitation.
   • Staff are trained in dementia-specific care techniques, focusing on promoting quality of life.

4. Families Needing Professional Support:

   • For families who can no longer provide adequate care at home, these facilities offer relief and peace of mind.
   • They are particularly suitable when the level of care exceeds what can reasonably be provided in a home setting.

Amenities Offered in Alabama Memory Care Facilities

When looking for Alabama medical facilities that offer dementia care, you may not know what constitutes a great option. Well, one thing that sets these memory care homes apart is the amenities that they offer their patients. Because these facilities are inpatient, the patients are also residents and need to feel at home. They also need to have proper social interaction and stimulation while receiving specialized medical care.

Amenities can include emergency call systems in rooms, wellness programs, housekeeping and laundry services, and around the clock medical supervision. These various amenities allow residents to receive care and get daily help with things that may be tough for them. For instance, laundry services are typically offered to keep the resident's clothes clean because some may not be able to handle the task on their own.

Other amenities like group activities and transportation services are also needed to provide routine stimulation and encourage community interaction between residents that can help create a sense of community. Transportation allows residents to leave the facility for trips and outings that keep them physically active if they're medically able, and allows them to remain independent in all aspects of their life. 

Here are some common amenities and services that a family may find in one of Alabama's memory care facilities:

1. Safety Features

• Secured environments: Controlled access to prevent wandering.
• Emergency call systems: Available in rooms and common areas.
• Fall prevention measures: Non-slip flooring and grab bars in bathrooms.

2. Personalized Care Services

• Assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs), such as bathing, dressing, and eating.
• Medication management.
• 24/7 supervision by trained staff.
• Behavior monitoring and support for individuals with mood changes or confusion.

3. Specialized Programs

• Memory-enhancing activities like puzzles, art therapy, and music therapy.
• Structured daily routines to reduce anxiety and promote comfort.
• Sensory stimulation programs.

4. Dining and Nutrition

• Meals tailored to meet dietary needs, including soft diets or finger foods for those with difficulty eating.
• Assistance with eating, if required.
• Hydration programs to prevent dehydration.

5. Comfortable Living Spaces

• Private or semi-private rooms with a home-like atmosphere.
• Furnishings and layouts designed for accessibility and ease of navigation.
• Common areas for socialization.

6. Social and Recreational Activities

• Group outings to nearby attractions or events.
• Movie nights, exercise programs, and games.
• Pet therapy or interactions with therapy animals.

7. Medical and Health Services

• Regular health assessments by nurses or other medical professionals.
• Partnerships with visiting healthcare providers, including therapists or physicians.
• Transportation to medical appointments.

8. Family Support and Engagement

• Family counseling and support groups.
• Regular communication updates about residents’ well-being.
• Opportunities for family visits and participation in activities.

9. Specialized Staff Training

• Staff trained in dementia care and communication strategies to handle cognitive challenges with compassion and skill.

10. Additional Amenities

• Beauty salons and barbershops.
• Outdoor courtyards and walking paths.
• Religious or spiritual services.

Each memory care facility in Alabama may offer slightly different services and amenities. It’s advisable to visit facilities in person, ask detailed questions about their programs, and review Alabama-specific regulations to ensure the facility meets the needs of your loved one.

Memory Care in Alabama vs Assisted Living and Nursing Homes

When it comes to complicated progressive diseases like dementia and Alzheimer’s, sufferers need specialized care to be able to prevent the disorder from worsening. This requires an Alabama memory care facility, which is not the same as an assisted living or nursing home. So, what are the differences between these types of homes?

When considering long-term care options for a loved one in Alabama, it's essential to understand the differences between memory care, assisted living, and nursing homes. Each option caters to specific needs, so finding the right fit depends on your loved one's health, lifestyle, and personal preferences. Below, you can see key differences between memory care in Alabama and how it compares to assisted living and nursing homes.

The main difference between these homes is that memory care facilities offer specialized care that caters to the needs of dementia and Alzheimer’s patients. Things like specific layouts of living quarters and facilities may be designed in a simple matter so that patients will not get easily confused or lost while walking through the facility.

There is also 24/7 care provided at memory care facilities in Alabama that may not be present in assisted living and nursing homes. The amount of care that is needed for those with dementia and Alzheimer's is great due to the progressive loss of certain functions. Patients who suffer from dementia may not always know who they are, or what medications they need to be taking at that time. This can be harmful to the person if they are not getting around the clock care and supervision.

Here is a summarized table of key similarities and differences between Alabama memory care, assisted living and nursing homes:

Key Differences Between Alabama Memory Care, Assisted Living, and Nursing Homes

1. Level of Care Provided:

   • Memory Care: Tailored for residents with cognitive decline. Staff is trained to handle dementia-related behaviors and provide memory-enhancing activities.
   • Assisted Living: Best for those needing help with daily tasks but still able to live relatively independently.
   • Nursing Homes: Focused on medical and rehabilitative care for individuals with severe health issues.

2. Specialization:

   • Memory care offers a controlled environment with design features such as secure outdoor spaces, clearly labeled rooms, and calming color schemes to minimize confusion and wandering.

3. Cost:

   • Memory care is typically more expensive than standard assisted living due to specialized training, additional staff, and security measures.
   • Nursing homes can be the costliest option, given the medical services provided, however they may also be covered by Medicaid (always check this at each facility you are interested in).

4. Staff Training:

   • Memory care staff undergo specialized training to address cognitive challenges and promote mental stimulation.
   • Nursing home staff includes registered nurses and medical professionals, whereas assisted living staff primarily focus on daily living support.

Memory Care Regulations in Alabama

In Alabama, memory care regulations are designed to ensure that individuals with Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or other cognitive impairments receive appropriate care in specialized facilities, typically within assisted living or nursing home settings. These regulations are governed primarily by the Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) and are closely aligned with federal requirements, though they include specific provisions tailored to the state's unique needs.

1. Licensing Requirements

Memory care units in Alabama must be licensed by the Alabama Department of Public Health, which oversees the operation of all healthcare facilities, including those providing specialized care for individuals with memory impairments. To operate a memory care unit, the facility must meet specific standards and be regularly inspected. The regulations for licensing include criteria for staffing, safety, training, and physical environment to ensure the facility can meet the needs of its residents.

2. Staffing Standards

Memory care units are required to employ staff members who have received specialized training in dementia care. This training typically includes education on how to manage challenging behaviors associated with dementia, how to create supportive environments for residents, and how to engage residents in meaningful activities.

The ratio of staff to residents is also a critical aspect of staffing regulations. Alabama regulations typically mandate a minimum number of staff members per resident during certain hours, with higher staffing levels required during night shifts and on weekends. This ensures that residents receive adequate attention, particularly in cases of emergency or when a higher level of care is needed.

3. Physical Environment

The physical design of memory care units is subject to strict guidelines to promote safety and security while fostering a comfortable, familiar atmosphere for residents. Facilities must be equipped with features that minimize risks, such as:

• Secure entry and exit points to prevent wandering, which is a common concern for individuals with advanced dementia.
• Clear signage and pathways to help residents navigate the environment.
• Specialized equipment, such as low-sensory lighting and non-reflective surfaces, to reduce confusion and agitation.
• Private rooms or semi-private rooms with a calming and personalized atmosphere, ensuring residents' privacy and dignity.

These design features are part of the facility's overall compliance with state regulations regarding resident care.

4. Care and Services

Alabama's regulations emphasize the provision of individualized care plans that address the unique needs of each resident. Memory care facilities must assess residents’ physical, mental, and emotional needs upon admission and develop a care plan tailored to those needs. Care plans are updated regularly, especially as residents' conditions change.

Facilities are also required to provide appropriate services for residents with memory impairments, such as:

• Personal care assistance (help with bathing, dressing, eating, etc.).
• Medication management to ensure residents take their medications properly and safely.
• Social and recreational activities that are stimulating and suitable for individuals with dementia, focusing on enhancing residents' quality of life and maintaining cognitive function.

Memory care units must maintain detailed documentation of care provided to each resident, ensuring compliance with both state regulations and federal guidelines. The staff must also monitor residents closely for any signs of health deterioration, behavioral changes, or distress.

5. Safety and Security

To protect vulnerable residents, memory care units in Alabama are required to implement measures that ensure safety and security. This includes:

• Regular fire drills and evacuation plans that accommodate residents with cognitive impairments, who may not be able to respond to emergencies in the same way as others.
• 24-hour supervision, especially for residents who are at risk of wandering.
• Monitoring systems such as motion sensors or surveillance cameras, as long as they comply with privacy standards, to ensure residents' safety without infringing on their dignity.

Facilities must also maintain procedures to address any incidents or accidents, with staff trained to handle medical emergencies, falls, and behavioral issues related to memory loss.

6. Resident Rights

Memory care facilities must uphold the rights of residents, as specified in Alabama’s regulations. These include the right to privacy, the right to be treated with dignity, and the right to participate in decisions about their care. The regulations also require that residents or their legal representatives are fully informed about the services provided and any changes to their care plans.

Additionally, residents are entitled to a safe environment free from abuse, neglect, or mistreatment. Alabama mandates thorough background checks for staff, and any allegations of abuse or neglect must be investigated promptly.

7. Compliance and Enforcement

The Alabama Department of Public Health conducts regular inspections of memory care facilities to ensure compliance with the regulations. These inspections can be unannounced and are designed to assess the quality of care, the safety of the environment, staffing adequacy, and whether the facility is meeting all the state-mandated requirements.

Facilities that fail to meet state standards may be subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of their license, or even closure. The ADPH may also provide technical assistance to facilities to help them improve compliance.

In addition to state oversight, memory care facilities in Alabama are also subject to federal regulations from agencies like the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which ensures that federally funded programs maintain certain standards of care.

How to Pay for Dementia and Alzheimer's Care in Alabama

With the amount of care and the cost of living, the total cost of care at dementia care facilities can be a lot to handle. The expense can seem to be way too much to cover, but there are ways to help lower the costs of care so that you aren’t burdened with the full amount.

Medicaid is one of the ways that many people think of as a way to pay for memory care in Alabama. However, Medicaid in many states doesn’t specifically cover the costs of care because it does not differentiate it from other care, like diabetes or heart disease. However, Medicare in Alabama offers many waivers and programs that may help cover some of the financial costs of the care that your loved one needs.

Alabama offers Medicaid Assistance Programs for the Elderly, which consists of waivers and programs that will help take on some of the financial burdens of facilities that provide memory care. Also, Alabama is one state that offers many options to allow for a patient to still live at home. There are programs like the Elderly and Disabled Medicaid Waiver (EDMW) that covers the cost for those who would otherwise need housing in Alabama dementia care homes.

Looking for homes that offer Alzheimer’s or dementia care for a family member in Alabama doesn't have to be a huge hassle. There are many great memory care facility options out there for those who need specialized care, and Alabama offers many different waivers to help cover the costs of care so that you aren't overwhelmed by a large number of bills. 

So, if you have a family member who needs a memory care facility in Alabama near you, then check out AlzheimerSupport.com to find dementia and Alzheimer's homes for your loved one today.

Can you use Medicare to pay for memory care in Alabama?

In Alabama, as in other states, Medicare generally does not cover long-term memory care, which is often required by individuals with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. However, there are specific conditions under which Medicare may assist with some aspects of memory care services, typically limited to short-term needs or specific therapies. Here’s a breakdown of how Medicare can and cannot be used for memory care in Alabama:

Medicare and Memory Care: What Is Covered?

1. Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) Care: Medicare Part A may cover a short stay in a skilled nursing facility (SNF) if it follows a qualifying hospital stay. This could include rehabilitation services for people recovering from a hospital stay due to illness or injury. However, Medicare only covers this care for a limited time (up to 100 days in certain cases), and it does not cover long-term custodial care for conditions like dementia.

2. Home Health Care: If the memory care recipient is at home, Medicare may cover certain home health care services under Part A or Part B. These services include skilled nursing care, therapy services, and support for the patient’s needs, such as assistance with daily activities or medication management. However, these services are only covered if they are medically necessary, and the person must be homebound with a doctor's order for care.

3. Hospice Care: If the person with memory loss is nearing the end of life, Medicare Part A may cover hospice care for those with a terminal diagnosis (including advanced Alzheimer's). Hospice care typically includes support services like nursing, palliative care, counseling, and medications to manage symptoms.

What Medicare Does Not Cover

• Long-Term Memory Care: Medicare does not cover long-term custodial care, which is often needed in memory care facilities. Custodial care refers to assistance with activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing. If your loved one needs long-term care in a memory care facility, Medicare will not pay for this.
• Assisted Living: Memory care services that are offered in assisted living facilities are also not covered by Medicare, as these facilities typically provide custodial, not medical, care.

Options for Memory Care in Alabama Beyond Medicare

While Medicare has significant limitations regarding memory care, residents of Alabama may explore the following options to help with the costs of long-term care:

1. Medicaid: For those with low income and assets, Alabama Medicaid may help cover the costs of long-term care in a nursing home or specialized memory care facility. Medicaid also has programs that cover home and community-based services (HCBS), which might provide assistance to individuals with Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia who prefer to stay in their homes.

2. Long-Term Care Insurance: Some individuals purchase long-term care insurance to cover memory care and other custodial care services. If you or your loved one has a long-term care insurance policy, this may be an option to help pay for memory care.

3. Veterans Benefits: If the individual is a veteran or surviving spouse of a veteran, they may be eligible for additional financial support through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), which may help cover the costs of memory care.

4. State Programs: Alabama has some specific programs and initiatives designed to support residents with Alzheimer's disease and dementia, including the Alabama Department of Senior Services. While these programs might not directly pay for memory care, they may offer resources, support, and guidance on accessing care.

Memory Care Admission Requirements in Alabama

In Alabama, memory care facilities provide specialized care for individuals with Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and other cognitive impairments. These facilities are designed to provide a safe, structured environment that addresses both the physical and emotional needs of residents. When considering admission to a memory care facility in Alabama, there are several key requirements and considerations to keep in mind:

1. Eligibility and Health Assessment

To be admitted to a memory care facility in Alabama, individuals must typically undergo a comprehensive health assessment to determine the level of care needed. This assessment often includes:

• Diagnosis of Dementia or Alzheimer's: The individual must have a documented diagnosis of dementia or another memory-related disorder. This can be provided by a primary care physician, neurologist, or other medical professional.
• Physical Health Evaluation: The individual must be evaluated for any coexisting medical conditions that might affect their ability to live independently. This may include assessments for mobility, chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes or heart disease), and overall physical well-being.
• Mental Health Evaluation: In addition to cognitive assessments, a mental health evaluation may be performed to understand the individual's emotional state and any psychiatric conditions that might require specialized care.

2. Level of Care Requirements

Memory care facilities in Alabama are designed for individuals who require a higher level of supervision than traditional assisted living, due to their cognitive impairments. The level of care needed can vary, but typical criteria include:

• Supervision and Security: Because individuals with memory impairments may wander or engage in unsafe behaviors, the facility must provide round-the-clock supervision and secure environments to prevent elopement or accidents.
• Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Support: Residents must need assistance with at least one or more activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, and transferring.
• Cognitive Support: Facilities are required to provide specialized care, including memory stimulation activities, and staff trained in working with individuals with dementia or similar conditions.

3. Staff Training and Qualifications

Alabama state regulations require that staff members in memory care facilities have specialized training in dementia care. This includes:

• Cognitive and Behavioral Training: Caregivers must understand how to manage challenging behaviors associated with dementia, such as aggression or agitation.
• CPR and First Aid: Caregivers must be certified in CPR and first aid to handle medical emergencies.
• Ongoing Education: Memory care staff must participate in ongoing training to stay current on best practices in dementia care and aging services.

4. State Regulations and Licensing

Memory care facilities in Alabama are regulated by the Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH), which sets forth licensing and operational requirements. The specific guidelines include:

• Licensing: All memory care facilities must be licensed by the ADPH to operate. Facilities are required to submit regular reports and undergo periodic inspections to ensure they meet state standards for health, safety, and care.
• Building and Safety Codes: Facilities must comply with building codes designed to provide a safe environment for individuals with memory impairments. This includes secure entrances and exits, non-slip floors, and the removal of potential hazards.
• Staff-to-Resident Ratios: Alabama law sets minimum staff-to-resident ratios to ensure that adequate care is available at all times. These ratios are especially critical in memory care settings due to the increased needs of residents.

5. Financial Considerations

Admission to a memory care facility can be costly, and many families may seek financial assistance or long-term care insurance to cover the costs. Some important considerations include:

• Private Pay: Many memory care facilities require private pay at the time of admission. Families are responsible for covering the cost of care, which can vary based on location and level of care needed.
• Medicaid: Medicaid may cover certain costs of memory care services for eligible individuals, but Alabama's Medicaid program has specific eligibility requirements, such as income and asset limits. Medicaid typically covers care in licensed nursing homes, and not all memory care facilities accept Medicaid.
• Long-Term Care Insurance: Some residents may have long-term care insurance that covers memory care services. Families should verify with the facility and the insurance provider to understand coverage details.

6. Family Involvement and Consent

Family members are often involved in the admission process, providing necessary medical records, supporting the decision-making process, and consenting to care plans. In Alabama, family involvement is encouraged to ensure the resident's best interests are being met, particularly when dealing with cognitive impairments.

7. Admission Agreement and Resident Rights

Once a resident is admitted to a memory care facility in Alabama, a formal admission agreement is signed, which outlines the terms of care, fees, and the responsibilities of both the facility and the resident. Additionally, residents have specific rights, including:

• The right to dignity and respect.
• The right to receive proper medical care and assistance with daily living.
• The right to participate in activities and receive personalized care plans.
• The right to file complaints if care standards are not being met.

Free Resources for Seniors in Alabama

Alabama offers a variety of free resources designed to help seniors maintain their independence, health, and well-being. Here are some key programs and services available to older residents in the state:

1. Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRC)

The ADRC, through the Alabama Department of Senior Services (ADSS), connects seniors to a wide range of services such as healthcare support, housing, transportation, and legal aid. Seniors can reach out to the AGE-LINE (1-800-AGE-LINE) for personalized assistance or visit their local Area Agencies on Aging?

2. Elderly Nutrition Program

The Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) offers seniors access to nutritious meals while encouraging social engagement and physical activity. This program, available at local senior centers, provides meals in a communal setting where participants can interact and form new friendships. In some regions, homebound seniors may qualify for meal delivery services. Best of all, there is no charge for the meals. These services aim to support both the nutritional and social well-being of older adults

3. Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program

Low-income seniors in Alabama can receive vouchers through the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP) to purchase fresh produce at local farmers markets. This program is active in cities like Montgomery, Huntsville, and Mobile?

4. Transportation Services

Alabama provides free or discounted transportation for seniors:

• In Birmingham, seniors aged 60 and older can access free public transit.
• Huntsville offers the Handi-Ride service, providing door-to-door transportation for seniors with mobility challenges?

5. Health Services

Seniors can access discounted telehealth services through Medicare and Medicaid, which are particularly helpful in rural areas with limited healthcare access?. Additionally, programs for health education, dental clinics, and prescription assistance may be available?.

6. Caregiver Support

Free respite care programs are available to give caregivers a break while ensuring that their loved ones receive care. Services like these can be found through local agencies such as the Alabama Lifespan Respite Resource Network.?

These resources are designed to support the well-being of seniors across Alabama, ensuring that they have access to essential services that improve their quality of life. For more information, you can visit the Alabama Department of Senior Services or contact your local Area Agency on Aging?.